A Critical Review of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Potential Adjuvant Agents for Treating People with Cancer

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been used to treat malaria autoimmune diseases for more than 70 years; they also immunomodulatory anticancer effects, which are linked autophagy autophagy-independent mechanisms. Herein, we review the pharmacokinetics, preclinical studies clinical trials investigating use of CQ HCQ as adjuvant agents in cancer therapy. We discuss their safety profile, drug–drug drug–disease interactions. Systematic required define CQ/HCQ and/or analogues treatment identify predictive biomarkers responder subpopulations.